Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): Sriwijaya Journal of Environment
In This Issue — Volume 11, Issue 2 (2026). Eight original studies, seven countries, four world regions.
The second issue of Volume 11 assembles eight original studies (pp. 85–167) by approximately 28 researchers across Nigeria, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Fiji, the Cook Islands, Mexico and Brazil.
Published:
07/10/2026
Articles
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Soil Quality, Pollution Indices and Health Risk of Metals and PAHs at a Crude-Oil Spill Site in Okpohovor, Delta State, Nigeria
Peter Mamuro Eguvbe Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria Nigeria , Solomon Erhajemu Ogoron Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Nigeria , Eze Wealth Odali Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Nigeria , Ijeomah Faith Ogwu Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Nigeria , Chinedu Jude Ossai Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Nigeria , Anthony Anwuli Ogbuta Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Indonesia , Chukwujindu Maxwell Azubuike Iwegbue Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Nigeria , Godwin Ebichime Nwajei Metals and Trace Organic Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Norfolk IslandBackground: Oil spillage is a major driver of soil degradation in the Niger Delta, yet integrated, site-specific assessments coupling metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and quantitative risk remain scarce.
Objective: This study assessed the contamination status, source structure and ecological and human-health risk of soils at a crude-oil spill site in Okpohovor, Udu Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria.
Methods: Soils from five points (S1–S5) and a control station were sampled at two depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm). pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon, particle size and nine metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and 16 priority PAHs by GC–MS. Pollution indices, principal component analysis (PCA), one-way ANOVA with effect sizes, and BaP-equivalent, hazard-index and incremental lifetime cancer-risk models were applied.
Results: Soils were strongly acidic (pH 3.00–3.70) and sandy. All metals were below Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) target values except cadmium (0.05–2.55 mg/kg), which reached the pollution range in 60% of samples. Clay differed significantly between sites (F=10.133, p=0.013, η²=0.890). PCA separated a lithogenic Pb–Cr–Ni–Fe association (PC1, 32.0%) from a cadmium-driven signal. The ecological risk index (9–263) was cadmium-dominated. ΣPAH reached 81,327 µg/kg from mixed petrogenic–pyrogenic sources; hazard indices were mostly below 1 but total cancer risk exceeded 1×10⁻⁶.
Conclusion: Cadmium and carcinogenic PAHs are the priority contaminants, posing food-chain and public-health risks that warrant targeted remediation and sustained monitoring.
Pages: 85-94Views: 188 Downloads: 176Selective Herbicide Combinations Sustain Early Eucalyptus pellita Growth and Soil Microbial Abundance During Plantation Land Preparation in South Sumatra
Prebiton Yusef Environmental Management Study Program, Graduate School, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia Indonesia , Ahmad Muslim Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia Indonesia , Adipati Napoleon Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia IndonesiaBackground: Herbicide application during land preparation is routine in tropical industrial plantation forestry, yet its simultaneous effects on soil biology, weed cover, and tree growth are rarely evaluated together.
Objective: This study assessed the effects of herbicide combinations applied during land preparation on weed cover, early growth of Eucalyptus pellita (height and stem diameter), and total soil microbial abundance at PT Musi Hutan Persada, Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia, as an implementation of IFCC Indicator 7.2.8 on minimising chemical pesticide use.
Methods: A Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications (16 plots of 360 m²) compared P1 (control), P2 (indaziflam+iodosulfuron, 250 g ha⁻¹), P3 (glyphosate 3 L ha⁻¹ + indaziflam+iodosulfuron), and P4 (glyphosate 3 L ha⁻¹ + metsulfuron-methyl 300 g ha⁻¹ + indaziflam+iodosulfuron), analysed by one-way ANOVA with η² effect sizes, LSD separation, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis.
Results: Herbicide treatment significantly reduced weed cover (F(3,12)=18.42, p<0.001, η²=0.82), with suppression of 27.9%, 45.9%, and 68.1% in P2, P3, and P4, but did not significantly affect height, stem diameter, or microbial abundance (all p>0.05). Microbial abundance stayed about four orders of magnitude above the 10² CFU g⁻¹ degradation threshold of Regulation No. 07/2006, and all plots were classified as not degraded.
Conclusion: Selective, well-timed herbicide combinations can control weeds effectively without compromising early E. pellita growth or soil microbial abundance, supporting sustainable plantation management under IFCC Indicator 7.2.8.
Pages: 95-105Views: 213 Downloads: 146Multitemporal Detection of Urban Heat Island Dynamics Using Landsat 8 and GIS in Payakumbuh City, West Sumatra, Indonesia (2017–2024)
Yasa Palaguna Umar Environmental Engineering Study Program, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Indonesia , Nazhmi Hariz Faculty of Applied Science and Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia Indonesia , Muhammad Roil Bilad Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam IndonesiaBackground: Urbanisation converts vegetated and agricultural land into impervious surfaces, reducing evapotranspiration and intensifying the Urban Heat Island (UHI). Payakumbuh City, West Sumatra, Indonesia, has undergone rapid built-up growth whose thermal consequences remain unquantified.
Objective: This study identified the spatial and temporal dynamics of UHI in Payakumbuh City from 2017 to 2024 using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS Collection-2 Level-1 imagery and GIS-based spatial analysis.
Methods: Supervised land use/land cover (LULC) classification, NDVI, NDBI, and emissivity-corrected land surface temperature (LST) were computed in QGIS, and relationships were tested using Spearman and Pearson correlations, ANOVA with Tukey HSD, regression, and principal component analysis. The study covered the 75.44 km² administrative area of Payakumbuh City (0°11′–0°16′ S, 100°34′–100°41′ E).
Results: Built-up land increased from 38.77% to 50.36% of the city area (+11.59 percentage points), while agricultural land fell from 50.67% to 40.06% (−10.61). Mean NDVI declined from 0.62 to 0.53 and mean NDBI rose from −0.29 to −0.24, while maximum LST increased from 31.85 °C to 34.03 °C (+2.18 °C). NDVI correlated negatively with LST (ρ = −0.43 to −0.59) and NDBI positively (ρ = 0.53 to 0.65), all p < 0.001. LST differed significantly among classes (ANOVA F(4,1095) = 1062.6, p < 0.001, η² = 0.80), with built-up warmest (29.8 °C) and water coolest (23.4 °C). UHI-affected area expanded from 18.93 km² (25.09%) to 22.39 km² (29.68%), a gain of 3.46 km² (+4.59%).
Conclusion: Strengthening urban greening, protecting agricultural land, and controlling built-up expansion are recommended climate-sensitive planning strategies.
Pages: 106-115Views: 222 Downloads: 173Characterising Firewood and Charcoal Production and Marketing Systems in the Dryland Woodlands of Ethiopia
Gonche Girma Ethiopian Forestry Development, Central Ethiopia Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Ethiopia , Abebaw Shimeles Ethiopian Forestry Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia EthiopiaBackground: Rising woodfuel demand in Ethiopia — driven by population growth, urbanisation, poverty and unemployment — is depleting dryland woodlands, yet the people who produce and trade firewood and charcoal remain poorly characterised.
Objective: To characterise woodfuel production and marketing across nine dryland sites in Ethiopia in order to inform sustainable demand- and supply-side management.
Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods design combined a structured survey of 245 producers and traders with participatory rural appraisal, focus-group discussions and key-informant interviews, analysed within a Structure–Conduct–Performance framework using one-way ANOVA with η² and Tukey HSD, χ² with Cramér's V, multiple regression, principal component analysis and market-concentration indices (α = 0.05).
Results: Charcoal producers (51.8%) and firewood collectors (29.0%) dominated a moderately concentrated sector (HHI = 3697; Shannon H′ = 1.18). Mean monthly charcoal income (12,492 ETB) significantly exceeded firewood income (8,656 ETB) (F = 137.1, p < 0.001, η² = 0.41). Production peaked in February (66.9%), January (63.8%) and August (51.0%); regression explained 41% of income variance (adjusted R² = 0.39, p < 0.001). Most firewood (77.9%) and charcoal (53.4%) sold in nearby towns; producers captured only 27.7% of the final charcoal price.
Conclusion: Woodfuel is simultaneously a primary livelihood and an income-smoothing strategy; improved kilns, sustainable-harvesting licensing and better market access are needed to reconcile rural incomes with dryland-woodland conservation.
Pages: 116-125Views: 172 Downloads: 126Pristine No More: Microplastics and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Reveal Two Distinct Contamination Pathways in the Confined Volcanic Aquifers of Savusavu, Fiji
Daphne Marshall Department of Environmental Engineering, Savusavu Institute Center, Savusavu, Fiji Fiji , Shanti Narayan Department of Environmental Engineering, Savusavu Institute Center, Savusavu, Fiji Fiji , Jone Tavola Department of Environmental Engineering, Savusavu Institute Center, Savusavu, Fiji FijiBackground: Remote oceanic-island aquifers are historically classified as pristine freshwater reserves, largely immune to global anthropogenic contamination; the ubiquity of emerging contaminants challenges this assumption.
Objective: To present the first joint baseline of microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the confined volcanic (basaltic) aquifer of the Savusavu region, Vanua Levu, Fiji.
Methods: Groundwater was sampled from 15 boreholes (45–120 m depth) during the dry season under strict fluoropolymer-free and contamination-controlled protocols. PFAS were quantified by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) and MPs by wet-peroxide oxidation, stereomicroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy; data were analysed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD and eta-squared, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and contamination/hazard indices.
Results: MPs occurred in 87% of wells (mean 4.08 ± 2.56 MPs/L, fibre-dominated) and PFAS in 100% (PFOA 6.35 ± 4.35 ng/L; PFOS 4.10 ± 2.95 ng/L). Concentrations declined significantly with depth, most steeply for MPs (r = −0.93, p < 0.001). PFOA exceeded the 4.0 ng/L US EPA maximum contaminant level in 10 of 15 wells, whereas nitrate and chloride remained within WHO limits. PCA explained 86% of variance and resolved two transport pathways: a dissolved axis (PFOA–PFOS–nitrate) and a particulate fracture-flow axis (MP–turbidity–chloride).
Conclusion: Confined volcanic aquifers in remote Pacific islands are therefore not entirely pristine but act as sinks for global trace contaminants, necessitating the integration of emerging contaminants into Pacific island groundwater policy.
Pages: 126-135Views: 210 Downloads: 186Hydro-Geophysical Assessment of Freshwater-Lens Thinning and Saline Upconing in Three Inhabited Atolls of the Northern Cook Islands
Mary-Jane Wood Division of Marine and Hydrology Research, Namiland Institute, Avarua, Cook Islands Cook Islands , Eva Browne Division of Marine and Hydrology Research, Namiland Institute, Avarua, Cook Islands Cook Islands , Tiare Wichmann Division of Marine and Hydrology Research, Namiland Institute, Avarua, Cook Islands Cook IslandsBackground: Freshwater lenses are the principal source of potable water for the low-lying coral atolls of the Northern Cook Islands, yet they are acutely vulnerable to sea-level rise, tidal forcing and over-abstraction.
Objective: This study quantified freshwater-lens thinning and saline upconing across three inhabited atolls (Rakahanga, Manihiki and Pukapuka) and identified the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of degradation.
Methods: Electrical resistivity tomography delineated the freshwater–seawater interface, while 24 community wells were sampled in the 2024 wet and dry seasons for electrical conductivity (EC), chloride, tidal amplitude, abstraction and recharge. Data were analysed offline with ANOVA (Tukey HSD, η²), Pearson correlation, multiple regression, principal component analysis (PCA) and salinisation indices, benchmarked against WHO/US-EPA guidelines.
Results: Mean lens thickness was critically low at 4.34 ± 1.01 m and differed significantly among atolls (F(2,21) = 45.73, p < 0.001, η² = 0.813), thinning from Rakahanga (5.45 m) to Pukapuka (3.27 m). Chloride (mean 405 mg/L) exceeded the 250 mg/L WHO guideline in 19 of 24 wells and was inversely correlated with thickness (r = −0.835, p < 0.001). Regression explained 83.5% of the variance (adjusted R² = 0.810; F(3,20) = 33.69, p < 0.001), and PCA resolved a single salinisation axis explaining 77.5% of variance; the Groundwater Quality Index rose from 106 to 179 along the same gradient.
Conclusion: The freshwater lenses of the Northern Cook Islands are thin, saline and actively degrading under combined tidal forcing and manageable anthropogenic abstraction, requiring optimised pumping, rainwater augmentation and continuous monitoring to safeguard atoll water security.
Pages: 136-146Views: 187 Downloads: 143Integrated Riparian Buffer Zones and Floating Treatment Wetlands for Mitigating Agricultural Nutrient Runoff in the Lerma–Chapala Basin, Mexico
Matilda Munoz Department of Environmental Science, Campeche Science Center, Campeche, Mexico Mexico , Carmen Pech Hernandez Department of Environmental Science, Campeche Science Center, Campeche, Mexico Mexico , Maria Sofia May Department of Environmental Science, Campeche Science Center, Campeche, Mexico MexicoBackground: Non-point source agricultural runoff is the dominant driver of eutrophication in the Lerma–Chapala Basin, central Mexico, yet field evidence on coupling terrestrial and aquatic nature-based solutions in a large degraded watershed remains scarce.
Objective: To quantify the efficacy of riparian buffer zones (RBZ) and floating treatment wetlands (FTW), applied individually and combined, in attenuating total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP).
Methods: 120 sites (n=30 per treatment: Control, RBZ-Only, FTW-Only, Combined) were monitored bi-weekly over a full annual cycle; paired inlet–outlet TN and TP were determined by APHA spectrophotometric methods and compared using ANOVA with Tukey HSD, correlation, OLS regression, PCA and nutrient indices (Figure 1).
Results: Influent averaged 18.52±3.2 mg L⁻¹ TN and 4.21±0.9 mg L⁻¹ TP. Control attenuation was negligible (5.1% TN, 5.0% TP); the Combined system was synergistic, reducing TN by 74.9% and TP by 81.7% (effluent 4.8 and 0.8 mg L⁻¹). Differences were highly significant (TN F=663.4; TP F=846.4; both p<0.001; η²>0.94), with treatment the dominant predictor of effluent TN (R²=0.83).
Conclusions: Integrating RBZ with FTW offers a scalable, low-cost framework for restoring aquatic equilibrium in intensively farmed subtropical basins.
Pages: 147-156Views: 177 Downloads: 141Forest Fragmentation Geometry Drives Sylvatic Vector-Borne Disease Incidence in the Southern Brazilian Amazon: A Geospatial Spatial-Autoregressive Assessment
Sandro Louise Oliveira Department of Forestry and Ecotourism, ESBA Institute of Tourism, Belo, Brazil Brazil , Helena Arthur da Silva Department of Forestry and Ecotourism, ESBA Institute of Tourism, Belo, Brazil Brazil , Miguel Pereira Department of Forestry and Ecotourism, ESBA Institute of Tourism, Belo, Brazil BrazilBackground: Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon has restructured the region's epidemiological landscape, yet the role of forest fragmentation geometry—as distinct from aggregate forest loss—in driving sylvatic vector-borne disease remains poorly quantified.
Objective: To assess geospatial relationships among fragmentation, edge microclimate and the combined incidence of malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis across 150 quadrants (10 km × 10 km) in the Arc of Deforestation frontier of the southern Brazilian Amazon (Rondônia–southern Pará; Figure 1).
Methods: A composite Forest Fragmentation Index (FFI) was derived from Landsat-8 imagery (edge density, patch size, core isolation); incidence was obtained from national surveillance and standardised per 1000 residents; temperature and precipitation were extracted from WorldClim. Data were analysed with ANOVA and Tukey HSD, Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and a Queen-contiguity spatial autoregressive (SAR) model.
Results: Mean FFI was 0.65 ± 0.12 and mean incidence 15.4 ± 4.2 per 1000. Incidence differed across fragmentation tertiles (F = 86.09, p < 0.001, η² = 0.539; Tukey a/b/c), rising from 11.7 ± 3.1 to 19.2 ± 3.1. FFI correlated strongly with incidence (r = 0.804, p < 0.001). The SAR model (Moran's I = 0.408; ρ = 0.457, p < 0.001) confirmed FFI as the dominant driver; a 0.1-unit increase raised incidence by 1.9 cases per 1000 (p < 0.001), independent of climate, whereas precipitation was non-significant. PCA attributed 61.5% of variance to a landscape component.
Conclusion: Landscape geometry should be treated as a public-health variable in Amazonian conservation and surveillance policy, supporting fragmentation-guided surveillance and stricter legal-reserve enforcement along active deforestation frontiers.
Pages: 157-167Views: 177 Downloads: 150Make a Submission
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